مجله تاریخ و تمدن اسلامی
پیاپی 33 (زمستان 1399)

Gardīzī is one of the last historians of the first Ghaznavid period. His biography is vague and unknown and Zayn al-Akhbār is his only historical work. This article seeks to examine Gardīzī approach as well as method in  his historiography. Gardīzī has written Zayn al-Akhbār as a general history and possibly influenced by Abu Rihan's works, he  have paid special attention to social themes and devoted parts of his book to recognizing ethnic groups and representing different cultures. There is also a kind of religious tolerance can be found in his work, however, he is not completely neutral in some narrations. He has a less fanatical among the historians of this era in looking at different religions. Sometimes he has explained, analyzed and criticized, even superficially and as a result, he has chosen a moderate rational and narrative approach. Gardīzī's weakness is his excessive adherence to abridgment.

Khorāfāt (Superstitions), with its diverse lexical network of synonym terms, is one of the words that have had many meanings and connotations in various Muslim texts. Despite the attention of some researchers to the lexical, sociological, and psychological dimensions of superstitions, the term has been less studied along with its network of corresponding and similar terms. This article, with the approach of social history of the religious language and reflecting on the historical developments of the uses and meanings of words, focuses on the linguistic components of the Lexical network of humiliation in Islamic literature. To do so, we survey the use of terms such as Mozak̲h̲rafāt, Mohmalāt, Had̲h̲yānāt, čarandiāt, k̲h̲oza'balāt, Lātā'ilāt, Rakākāt, Harzegoyi, Arādjifsarāyi and Lāf-o-Gazāf in the semantic network of the word Khorāfāt in two areas: religious (i.e. theological, hadith and mystical areas, etc.) and non-religious (i.e. geographical, travelogues, and socio-political uses). The study shows that these terms have been used in a very wide range of approaches and for different purposes; however, almost all of them have a semantic dependence on a central word i.e. Khorāfāt, being utilized to reject, deny and suppress the doctrine and beliefs of the “other”. Reasons such as the emergence of religious sects and the intensification of intra-religious controversies are among the main factors behind the sharp increase in the use of these terms in the early Muslim literature.

As the most significant hagiography of Ilkhanīd period, Safwat al-Sāfa articulates a specific narrative of Sufi-State relationships under Ilkhanīds. What is represented in this new narrative is not the overall political history of the time, but only some moments, in which the central event is the encounter between the representative of ideological power, i.e. Sufi leadership, and representatives of secular power, politico-military elite. Safwat al-Sāfa's reports do not imply a complete representation of those events and do not correspond to the official historiographical reports of those events, but are aimed at writing them in line with the author's political orientation. The author, thus, selects some elements of political history and reconfigures them in a new narrative arrangement in order to provide a new account with real actors and real events with a degree of verisimilitude. Neither absolutely allegorical nor totally realistic, this new narrative configuration combines allegorical elements with realistic ones to transmit its political point; the superiority of ideological power over political power.

Most of socio-cultural and even political concepts and meanings in historical monuments have formed after the creation of them and in the process of audience communication with those artifacts, influenced and hide in many cases. Therefore, in order to study the process of semantics in Alisha Ark of Tabriz from the time of its construction in the Il-khanate period to the present time has been used descriptive-analytical approach and semiotic methods. The question is how the meanings of Ark have transformed based on surrounding context and elements of the Compound Building. The results indicate that during the Il-khanate period, the Compound Building of Alishāh was a representation of the main foundations of government, including: political power (palaces), religious power (the grand mosque and monastery) and economic power (the main part of market). In the Timurid period, its semiosis criterion was modified and divided with other monuments (the Compound Building of Mozaffariyih and the Compound Building of Sāhib-Ābbād). During the Safavid period, the original context of the ark changed and the architectural elements became a virtual representation of military power. In the Qajar period, it became a symbol of national efforts and in Pahlavi period, it was a manifestation of tradition and modernity. In the period after the Islamic Revolution, the Ark has been made both recontextualization (construction of a large musallā instead of the first Il-khanate mosque in the northern part of Ark) and has found a museum and tourism function.

This study aims to examine the effects of Imam al-Ghazzālī on the process of Islamic thought in the Malay world, especially The Indonesian archipelago, as one of the most important and most populous Muslim regions in the Islamic world. The method of data collection is library-based and on available sources and reports and the research method is based on functional explanation. This study, which examines how the Malays got acquainted with al-Ghazzālī and the history and various dimensions of his influence on various areas of religious thought in the Indonesian archipelago, especially kalām and Sufism from the past to the present, concludes that al-Ghazzālī's thoughts on the development of Islamic culture in the Indonesian archipelago were influential, and the spiritual life of the Malays, from the religious education system to the social spheres has been greatly influenced by his ideas.

Because of urban destruction and lack of sufficient knowledge about cemeteries, the aim of the present study is to emphasize on the importance of historical cemetery and evaluate the historical cemeteries of Ahwāz and effective factors of the formation. The data collection method is based on library information and field studies. That describes the existing conditions of the study samples and the effective factors in the formation of cemeteries is analyzed by adapting the objective observations and library documents. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on the results of this study, several factors affect the formation and development of cemeteries, which can be divided into two categories of internal and external factors and in more detail in six categories of body, context, perspective, history, social, and economic structures and context.